Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder

Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Assignment: Bipolar disorder is a unique disorder that causes shifts in mood and energy, which results in depression and mania for clients. Proper diagnosis of this disorder is often a challenge for two reasons: 1) clients often present as depressive or manic, but may have both; and 2) many symptoms of bipolar disorder are similar to other disorders. Misdiagnosis is common, making it essential for you to have a deep understanding of the disorder’s pathophysiology. For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with bipolar disorder.

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Learning Objectives

Students will:
• Assess client factors and history to develop personalized plans of bipolar therapy for clients
• Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in clients requiring bipolar therapy
• Evaluate efficacy of treatment plans
• Analyze ethical and legal implications related to prescribing bipolar therapy to clients across the lifespan

To prepare for this Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Assignment:

• Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how to assess and treat clients requiring bipolar therapy.
The Assignment
Examine Case Study: An Asian American Woman With Bipolar Disorder. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

At each decision point stop to complete the following:

• Decision #1
o Which decision did you select?
o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

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• Decision #2
o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

• Decision #3
o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.
Note: Support your rationale with a minimum of three academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement.

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder CASE STUDY

Bipolar Therapy: Client of Korean Descent/Ancestry

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The client is a 26-year-old woman of Korean descent who presents to her first appointment following a 21-day hospitalization for onset of acute mania. She was diagnosed with bipolar I disorder.

Upon arrival in your office, she is quite “busy,” playing with things on your desk and shifting from side to side in her chair. She informs you that “they said I was bipolar, I don’t believe that, do you? I just like to talk, and dance, and sing. Did I tell you that I liked to cook?”

She weights 110 lbs. and is 5’ 5”

SUBJECTIVE

Patient reports “fantastic” mood. Reports that she sleeps about 5 hours/night to which she adds “I hate sleep, it’s no fun.”

You reviewed her hospital records and find that she has been medically worked up by a physician who reported her to be in overall good health. Lab studies were all within normal limits. You find that the patient had genetic testing in the hospital (specifically GeneSight testing) as none of the medications that they were treating her with seemed to work.

Genetic testing reveals that she is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele.

Patient confesses that she stopped taking her lithium (which was prescribed in the hospital) since she was discharged two weeks ago.

MENTAL STATUS EXAM

The patient is alert, oriented to person, place, time, and event. She is dressed quite oddly- wearing what appears to be an evening gown to her appointment. Speech is rapid, pressured, tangential. Self-reported mood is euthymic. Affect broad. Patient denies visual or auditory hallucinations, no overt delusional or paranoid thought processes readily apparent. Judgment is grossly intact, but insight is clearly impaired. She is currently denying suicidal or homicidal ideation.

The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score is 22

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder RESOURCES

• Chen, R., Wang, H., Shi, J., Shen, K., & Hu, P. (2015). Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release paroxetine in healthy Chinese subjects: comparison of traditional phenotype and activity score systems. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 71(7), 835-841. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1855-6

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Decision Point One

Select what the PMHNP should do:

• Begin Lithium 300 mg orally BID
• Begin Risperdal 1 mg orally BID
• Begin Seroquel XR 100 mg orally at HS

OPTION 1: Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Therapy: Client of Korean Descent/Ancestry

Decision Point One

Begin Risperdal 1 mg orally BID

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client is accompanied today by her mother who must help the client into your office, the client looks very sedated and lethargic
• Client’s mother explains that “she has been like this since about a week after the last office visit”

Decision Point Two

Decrease Risperdal to 1 mg at HS

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client is less sedate, less lethargic and shows symptom improvement
• Young Mania Rating Scale has decreased from 22 to 16 (a bit more than a 25% decrease in symptoms)

Decision Point Three

Continue at same dose of Risperdal and reassess in 4 weeks

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Guidance to Student

At this point, the PMHNP may be wise to allow the client to remain at the same dose and reassess in 4 weeks. Recall that the client is of Korean descent and is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele. As a result, she may have slower clearance of Risperdal from her system, which may have resulted in higher than normal levels of Risperdal in the blood, which in turn resulted in sedation. Therefore, if we were to increase back to 1 mg orally BID, she may have the same side effects. Latuda is FDA approved for bipolar I depression, which is not the presentation we are attempting to treat. Additionally, it is quite expensive and many insurance companies will not pay for it until other agents have been attempted and failed.

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OPTION 2: Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder- Bipolar Therapy: Client of Korean Descent/Ancestry

Decision Point One

Begin Seroquel XR 100 mg orally at HS

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client is reporting that she sleeps a bit more at bedtime
• Client states that she has gained about 2 or 3 pounds, which she does not like
• Client also reports that she has been constipated since starting this medication
• Client is also complaining of dry mouth which she does not like.
• Client’s score on the Young Mania Rating Scale has decreased from a 22 to an 18
• Client is reporting really good mood, but is asking for a different medication because of the weight gain

Decision Point Two

Discontinue Seroquel and start Geodon 40 mg orally BID. Administer with 500 calorie meal

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client demonstrates a 50% decrease in score on the Young Mania Rating Scale (from 22 to 11)
• Client denies any additional weight gain and denies any additional side effects

Decision Point Three

Continue same dose and reassess in 4 weeks

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder: Guidance to Student

The PMHNP should provide counseling to the client about this side effect and encourage increased fluids and fiber in the diet to combat constipation. Hard candies or gum can be used to prevent dry mouth. This is another issue as the drug can cause dental problems as a result of dry mouth.

Changing to Geodon clearly helped with symptoms and arrested weight gain in this client. The PMHNP could wait 4 weeks and see if any changes in Young Mania Rating Scale are noted, or increasing to 60 mg orally BID in an attempt to hasten symptom improvement. Increasing dose may be associated with side effects.

Augmentation with Lithium may be appropriate if the goal of therapy is to discontinue antipsychotic therapy and treat with Lithium monotherapy. Lithium was problematic for this client but changing formulation to the extended release may overcome the difficulties she was experiencing with side effects. The PMHNP would need to educate client regarding side effects of medication and need to maintain compliance.

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OPTION 3: Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder: Bipolar Therapy: Client of Korean Descent/Ancestry

Decision Point One

Begin Risperdal 1 mg orally BID

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT ONE

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client is accompanied today by her mother who must help the client into your office, the client looks very sedated and lethargic
• Client’s mother explains that “she has been like this since about a week after the last office visit”

Decision Point Two

Discontinue Risperdal and start Lithium sustained release 300 mg orally BID

RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

• Client returns to clinic in four weeks
• Client no longer lethargic after the end of the first week
• Client has a slight decrease in her Young Mania Rating Scale (from 22 to 19)
• Client reports that her sleep is again decreasing, but that overall, she is happy

Decision Point Three

Make no changes at this time & reevaluate in 4 weeks

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Guidance to Student

Recall that the client is of Korean descent and is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele. As a result, she may be demonstrating slower clearance of Risperdal from her system, resulting in higher than normal levels of Risperdal in the blood, resulting in sedation. The client responded well to the discontinuation of Risperdal and after about a week of drug cessation, she was no longer lethargic/sedate. However, in the following 3 weeks, she had experienced increased symptoms, although a slight improvement in YMSR score was noted. The PMHNP could make no changes at this time and allow the lithium to remain at its current dose for an additional 4 weeks and reassess. Conversely, the PMHNP can increase the lithium to 450 mg orally BID and then reassess in 4. The additional milligrams may hasten mood stabilization. Risperdal 0.5 mg orally BID may be appropriate if the clients’ symptoms are worsening, however, the PMHNP would need to have the client return to the office sooner than 4 weeks for an interim visit to assess effects of drug and presence of somnolence/lethargy.

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Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.

• Chapter 6, “Mood Disorders”
• Chapter 8, “Mood Stabilizers”

Stahl, S. M., & Ball, S. (2009b). Stahl’s illustrated mood stabilizers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access the following chapters, click on the Illustrated Guides tab and then the Mood Stabilizers tab.

• Chapter 4, “Lithium and Various Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder”
• Chapter 5, “Atypical Antipsychotics as Mood Stabilizers for Bipolar Disorder”

Vitiello, B. (2013). How effective are the current treatments for children diagnosed with manic/mixed bipolar disorder? CNS Drugs, 27(5), 331-333. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0060-3

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Chen, R., Wang, H., Shi, J., Shen, K., & Hu, P. (2015). Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release paroxetine in healthy Chinese subjects: comparison of traditional phenotype and activity score systems. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 71(7), 835-841. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1855-6

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.

Assessing and Treating Clients with Bipolar Disorder Required Media

Laureate Education. (2016f). Case study: An Asian American woman with bipolar disorder [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author

Note: This case study will serve as the foundation for this week’s Assignment.

Optional Resources

Mostafavi, A., Solhi, M., Mohammadi, M., Hamedi, M., Keshavarzi, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2014). Melatonin decreases olanzapine induced metabolic side-effects in adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Acta Medica Iranica, 52(10), 734-739.
Retrieved from http://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta

2 Assessing and Treatment for Bipolar Disorder Patient

Introduction

Bipolar disorder is not an uncommon illness. It is a very chronic and severe mental disorder, affecting approximately 1-2% of the adult population. The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder are different depending on the type of episode (i.e., manic or depressive). Each episode marks a critical change from the way a person usually acts and their typical mood, and can be characterized by a sudden change in the general attitude of the patient, the way the patient thinks and the behavior. 1 The changes will be sudden that it will be noticed by people around (Robert et al., 2017). This dangerous demonstrative unpredictability mood disorder can be found in all area of life, that is, from the poor to the rich, this disorder affects millions of people in all facets of life (Robert et al., 2017). Bipolar disorder can be seen mostly in the age starting at 25years or older, but it is not totally absent in the teenage age. It shows that about 2.6 percent of the population are diagnosed as bipolar. 3 (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2017).

If not well treated ,Bipolar disorder can be critical; 1 early identification of symptoms with an appropriate treatment plan may include psychotherapy, medications, a healthy lifestyle and a regular schedule will keep the patient healthy (National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 The NP should have a good understand of this disorder to be able to take care of this the patient because of its long-term management and how it affects the health in totality (National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 My focus of this paper will look into an Asian American Woman with a bipolar disorder, symptoms management, diagnosing the symptom, and the complete treatment. The paper will consider the most safe and appropriate options of treatment and the outcome as the treatment, and care.

Decision Selected

My patient is an Asian American woman age 39 years with 4 children and 3 ground children. The husband notices that sometimes she will be singing loud to the top of her voice and dancing not to the music she sang. In another time she will just fill like not doing anything and nothing will interest her, and she will lay on the bed for hours without going to the business she spent her years building and love so much.Patient is withdrawn and non-interactive. 4 She is diagnosed Bipolar disorder.

1 Decision # 1 Reason Selected

My best treatment of choice for this disorder will be to begin Risperdal 2 mg orally twice a day. Risperdal is the best choice to treat bipolar disorder. (Lee et al., 2011). Risperdal called risperidone is in the chemical class benzisoxazole derivatives which are antipsychotic. It is an effective medication for bipolar disorder (Lee et al., 2011). The reasons of choosing Risperdal is because it is used to treat schizophrenia and the risperidone works with the brain to stabilize the brain (Lee et al., 2011). Risperidone rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The drug is also used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder and irritability (NAMI, 2017).

Expected Results

We will need to have some subjective and objective changes. 1Patient should be able to verbalize changes within the first month of the treatment.

During the next visit with the patient after one month, she is expected to express changes in the clarity of her brain. The freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity because of the medicine will help her to balance certain natural substances in her brain.She should also notice a change in her ability to concentrate on her activities (Lee et al., 2011). No side effects.

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome

Patient came back after a month (4 WEEKS) and report that she experiences some improvement in the symptom including some improvement with concentration. My patient reported some drowsiness. 1 Drowsiness is one of the side effect of high dose of Risperdal. The genetic testing, reveals that she is positive for CYP2D6. Asians are more likely to have decreased CYP2D6 activity compared to Caucasians (Lee et al., 2011). I will reduce the dosage of this medication. 1 A positive outcome should be that there was a little bit of improvement in symptoms, patient able to sleep, more concentration. Patient and family report drowsiness during the day time which is one the side effect of high dose Risperdal.

Decision Point Two Reason Selected

The next best option is not to discontinue Risperdal, but to lower dose to Risperdal 1 mg orally at hours of sleep (HS) since expected outcome was not achieved based on decision one. My patient and , her family reported that patient has been drowsy during the day because of Risperdal 2mg. I will continue on Risperdal because the patient confirm improvement on the symptoms and the side effect observed was a regular adverse reaction because of her descendant background (American Psychiatric Association, 2017). The reduction to Risperdal 1mg BID to Risperdal 1 mg will be closely monitor.

Expected Results

Risperdal 1mg orally at bedtime is a reduced dosage from the 2mg which is expected to eliminate the drowsiness and toxicity in the patient Stahl, (2013).The patient is expected to continue to have decrease in the bipolar symptom. The effect of the medication should be observable and notice by the family member as a testimony (American Psychiatric Association, 2017).

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome

During the patient four weeks follow up examination shows that the bipolar disorder symptom dissipated to noticeable level. This indicate a therapeutic effect of Risperdal 1mg at night brought about the therapeutic effect on the patient and patient is tolerating and adjusting to the medication in a positive way (Dean, 2017). The patient did not experience the drowsiness and there was no toxicity, therefore the expected result and the actual result were the same. Risperdal therapy will continue with this medication and the dosage, and a close monitoring will still be needed until the next four weeks appointment (Dean, 2017).

Decision Point Three Decision

Selected

Risperdal 1mg orally at HS will be continued

Reason for Selection

The decision to continue with the medication was because the desire result, and the actual result are in pari-passu. To change the current medication or tamper with the dosage may offset the patient and thereby destabilize the rate of her healing (Dean, 2017). The patient is still under assessment and close monitoring continue until the next appointment date.

Expected Results

It is expected that the patient will increase in good mental stability and continue to maintain reduction in bipolar disorder symptom with the dosage of Risperdal 1mg at night (Robert et al., 2017). The patient is anticipated to having good sleep at night and well improve in her interaction with relatives and friends, with ability to concentrate on matters that concern her and carrier (Robert et al., 2017).

Differences between Expected outcome and Actual outcome

The therapeutic decision is working in this patient in accordance to the expectation. The treatment agrees with the standard way of treatment of an Asian descendant, the starting procedural treatment for bipolar disorder to the maintaining of such patient that are been positive for CYP2D6.The side effect of drowsiness in the day and toxicity is agreement with Asian descent (Robert et al., 2017). The patient will have to be place on the same medication till the next visit for examination. The actual result is that the medication is achieving the therapeutic effect that is needed by the patient (Dean, 2017).

Ethical Considerations for Treatment plan

Ethics demand that a patient should agree to treatment before it could be administering unto the patient. The law concerning patient’s preferences for treatment are overlook when the patient is in jeopardy of life threatening or severe psychiatric illness. Psychiatric advance directives are employing to make decision on the patient (Srivastava, 2011). When a practitioner treating a patient with bipolar is confronted with ethical conflicts of helping the patient to attain best result or their autonomy. The autonomy will be the choice of the practitioner (Srivastava, 2011). The law clearly stipulate that practitioners should always carefully consider what moral weight should be given to the values of doing well and avoiding harm (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017).

2 Conclusion

Psychiatric nurses should assess the function of the client not only during admission even during remission period and plan for rehabilitation services since functioning is a complex and demanding task. However, it is very important to bring back the client to his fullest possible level to normal life by planning effective psychoeducation about illness, communication training and teaching problem solving skills to client and family. 1 Many drugs are available for the treatment of bipolar disorder, but the professional will have to carefully select a medication that will be the best treatment for the patient. It is worth knowing that genetics influences the absorption of drugs, metabolism, excretion, and distribution. In the case study the Asian woman with positive CYP2D6 will exhibit a certain side effect which will not be in a patient with negative CYP2D6 (Dean, 2017). Therefore, the dosage and frequent of dispensing of drugs be based on the genetic testing (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2017). The treatment of bipolar disorders in Asian descent must be handled carefully and in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration set guidelines (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2017). In conclusion the safety of the patient and the life of family and friends should be the paramount concern of the practitioners.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2017). 1 Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Retrieved from: 1http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar.pdf Dean, L. (2017). 1 Risperidone Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype. Retrieved from:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425795/ Lee, S. Y., Martins, S. S., Keyes, K. M., & Lee, H. B. (2011). 1 Mental Health Service Use by Persons of Asian Ancestry With DSM-IV Mental Disorders in the United States. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 62(10), 1180–1186.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698479/ Nami National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). 1 What Is Risperdal and What Does It Treat?

Retrieved from: 1 https://www.nami.org/learn-more/treatment/mental-health-medications/risperidone (Risperdal).

Robert, M., Keck, P., & David Solomon, D. (2017). 1 Bipolar disorder in adults:Choosing maintenance treatment. Retrieved from: 1https://www.uptodate.org/contents/bipolar-isorder-in-adults-choosing-maintenance-treatment Srivastava, S. (2011). Ethics Commentary: Bipolar Disorder: 1 Ethical Considerations in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from:

1 https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/foc.9.4.foc461?journalCode=foc Stahl, S. M. (2013). 1 Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

U.S. 1 Food and Drug Administration. (2017). 1 The Facts on Bipolar Disorder and FDA- Approved Treatments. Retrieved from: 1https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm530107.htm